Looking for an easy way to monetize your site and start earning money from the traffic you have? Adsense has proven itself to be one of the easiest ways for webmaster to make money. Adsense is truly the most efficient way to making an money from a website as you don't have to do any selling. Adsense deals with all of the money and contacting advertisers which leaves the webmaster time to promote their site. However there are many webmaster struggling to earn any kind of decent money from adsense. While on the other hand their are a fortunate few that are earning a great deal up in the hundred even thousands of dollars a day range. The greatest thing about the internet is that people are willing and open to sharing information and the top adsense earners are often more then willing to share there secrets and tips of what they do.
The webmasters that have been there and done it and are now earning income daily from their websites have a ton of great tips and helpful advice for those just getting started in the field of adsense and contextual advertising. Some of these tips can quickly boost earnings and help to continuously grow a webmasters income.
Below are five simple steps that will help you get started towards greater adsense earnings.
Best Ad Unit
The one ad format that seems to consistently earn more then any other ad and also the one that is favored by the majority is the Large Rectangle (336X280). This ad format has the ability to create a higher CTR, or the click-through rates. Why does this ad tend to outperform all of the others when there are so many other options out there? Basically because the ads will look like normal web links, and people, being used to clicking on them, click these types of links. They may or may not know they are clicking on your Adsense but as long as there are clicks, then it will all be for your advantage.
Use Custom Color Palettes
Create a custom palette for your ads. Choose a color that will go well with the background of your site. If your site has a white background, try to use white as the color of your ad border and background. The idea to patterning the colors is to make the Adsense look like it is part of the web pages. Again, This will result to more clicks from people visiting your site. This is known by adsense professionals as blending.
Adsense Placement
Adsense ad placement is a place where many webmaster leave money on the table. You see they sign up and get the ad units up and on their site. However, they bury the ads down at the bottom of the page well hidden from most users. Many webmasters do this because they don't want their site to be filled with too many ads as they feel it ruins the design. While most will agree that the ads are not the most attractive element if you are even reading this article then obviously you are looking to earn more from adsense so just get rid of the notion of a beautiful site and instead focus on a money producing site no matter what it looks like. In fact some of the top earning sites are the ugliest.
Got Links?
Maintain links to relevant websites. If you think some sites are better off than the others, put your ads there and try to maintaining and managing them. If there is already lots of Adsense put into that certain site, put yours on top of all of them. That way visitor will see your ads first upon browsing into that site.
Automate Ads
Try to automate the insertion of your Adsense code into the web pages using SSI (or server side included). Ask your web administrator if your server supports SSI or not. How do you do it? Just save your Adsense code in a text file, save it as "adsense text", and upload it to the root directory of the web server. Then using SSI, call the code on other pages. This tip is a time saver especially for those who are using automatic page generators to generate pages on their website.
These are a few of the most basic and starting tips that have worked well for those who generate hundreds and even thousands from their websites. It is important to know though that ads are displayed because it fits the interest of the people viewing them. So focusing on a specific topic should be your primary purpose because the displays will be especially targeted on a topic that persons will be viewing already.
Every site will perform differently and there are no hard and fast rules. The above will give you some good ideas of things to start with. The ultimate trick to earning from adsense to is try many different things out and always test your results. Make one change at a time and then test the difference. Implement the things that increase your earning and drop or forget those that don't. The tips given are complied by those that have boosted their earnings and are therefore just guidelines. If they have worked wonders to some, maybe it can work wonders for you too. Try them out on your ads and see the results it will bring. If others have done it, there is nothing wrong trying it out for yourself.
About the Author:-Please browse for more information at our websites. www.youradsenseprofits.com www.reprintarticlesite.com
Keywords: Text Messaging, Text Message, Online SMS
Web Article Source: http://www.eArticlesOnline.com
A memory card is an extension card, which can be inserted into a multitude of appliances like a computer, a digital camera, a personal digital assistant, a smart phone or an MP3 player. The memory card is used to extend the memory capacity of the host device.
Multiple integrated circuit devices that are interconnected using a circuit board substrate make a memory card. A memory card or a flash memory card is a solid-state electronic flash memory data storage device, which offers high re-record ability, power free storage (memory card is a non-volatile memory device with a compact housing which is in no need of power source to retain its memory contents) and enduring environmental limitations. Non-solid state memory cards that do not use flash memory are also available (also known as Mem-cards).
There are different types of memory cards available such as a Random Access Memory card (RAM), a Read-only Memory Card (ROM) and an electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM) card and a flash memory card.
A flash memory card represents first logic state of the binary state system storing charge on a floating gate and the second logic state of the binary state system is signified by the absence of stored charges.
A memory card can perform a write operation, a read operation and an erase operation. There are four major types of memory cards (based on their storage and specification) like compact flash, secure digital, memory stick and xD. Each one of the memory cards characteristically conforms to a specific form factor of the standard and has a unique connector, which conforms the electrical and mechanical interface of the cards to the respective standards.
In 1990s, a number of memory cards formats smaller than PC card came out (like Compact flash, smart media and miniature card) and also tiny embedded memory. With the invention of ultra small cards for cell phones, PDAs and Compact digital cameras, the previous generation of ‘compact cards’ were looking big. In industrial fields, even the vulnerable PC card memory cards manage to maintain a slot unlike in cell phone and PDA market.
Nowadays personal computers have built in slots for more than one memory card like memory stick, compact flash, SD, etc. to ensure compatibility.
There are two types of software available in memory card namely, memory card Data Recovery Software and Memory card File Recovery Software. Memory Card File recovery software is designed to recover images, movies, sound and other data files from all types of digital media and compatible with major memory card devices. The memory card filed recovery software does a deep scanning of the media at the lowest level to recover and retrieve the deleted photos. Memory Card File Recovery Software is fast and easy and does not require any scientific enterprise for the recovery process and this online recovery is a safe technique. Just insert the memory card into a USB card reader and run the memory card file recovery software to rescue it to a safer location.
Memory card Data Recovery Software recovers lost pictures, images, photos, audio and video files and folders from all memory card storage media – flash drive, multi media memory card, mobile communicator, mobile PC and hand held computers. This memory card data recovery software recovers data even when the media is corrupted or memory card is pulled out from their running device. In addition it recovers data even if Windows displays ‘drive not formatted’ message. It is the easiest and quickest software utility tool for any type of digital file folders to recover, retrieve, rescue, repair or restore the data.
Visit http://www.bestpendrive.info for complete information about all types of pen drives, flash drives, memory sticks, SD Cards and detachable hard drives.
Keywords: DSL, DSL service, verizon dsl, dsl availability, DSL modem, DSL provider service
Hardware Article Source: http://www.eArticlesOnline.com
The computer component that holds data is a hard drive and an external hard drive is a hard drive that is outside the computer case in its own enclosure (also called hard drive cage). Every computer needs at least one hard drive to store its operating system, programs and user interpretation. It is usually internal but additional external hard drives have become indispensable.
An external hard drive has become indispensable because there are potential security threats to our computers like virus due to Internet access even after employing anti-virus programs and firewalls.
Apart from this, inadvertent corruption of sensitive documents and additional space required for multimedia storage are some of the problems and one single solution to all such problems is the external hard drive.
The external hard drive is enclosed in an enclosure outside the main computer and is slightly larger than the hard drive itself and sometimes has a cooling fan. The external hard drive is connected to the computer through a high-speed interface cable, which enables the external hard drive to communicate with the computer by means of interfaces like USB and Fire Wire.
An external hard drive is a very constructive piece of equipment in the sense that it allows the user to back up or store important information detached from the main internal hard drive, which could be affected by on-line or off-line activities. An external hard drive can hold sensitive documents, DVD images, disc images, large music files, movies and also a back up of the contents of the main internal hard drive safely and securely. When on line, external hard drive can even be left turned off.
An external hard drive has another advantage – it is portable and operates on plug and play basis. The external hard drive can be used as a storage device for any computer with a USB or Fire Wire capability.
Hard drives are available in two basic formats: SATA (Serial Advanced Technology Attachment) and IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics). IDE drives use a 40-pin connection and are cheaper and SATA hard drives are faster and transfer data at six times the speed of IDE external hard drive.
An external hard drive is basically composed of the Platters, the Spindles and Spindle Motor, the Read/Write Head and the Head Actuator.
The Platters are the actual discs inside the external drive that store the magnetized data. Platters made of glass or ceramic are used because they are thinner and are more heat resistant. Generally, the external hard drives have at least two platters and the larger the storage capacity of the hard drive the more the platters. The Spindle Motor is built right into the Spindle and spins the Platter at a constant set rate ranging from 3600 to 7200 rpm. The Read/Write Head reads and writes the data to the Platter. There is necessarily one head per platter side and each head is attached to a single actuator shaft. Only one of the heads is active at a time reading or writing the data. All the heads are attached to a single head actuator, which moves the head around the Platters. The platters spindle, spindle motor, head actuator and the read or write head are all contained in a chamber called the Hard Disc Assembly (HDA)
We can even buy several hard drives and barter them in and out of the same enclosures, using one for work, one for back up, and one for multi media and song and so on and thus there are boundless reasons to use an external hard drive.
Visit http://www.bestpendrive.info for complete information about all types of pen drives, flash drives, memory sticks, SD Cards and detachable hard drives.
Keywords: DSL, DSL service, verizon dsl, dsl availability, DSL modem, DSL provider service
Hardware Article Source: http://www.eArticlesOnline.com
Today nearly more than 10 million DSL users in US but you must be surprise to know that nearly 40 percent does not have covered with proper security.
It is most essential to build up security system correctly. A properly build up security gateway is essential because it will give limited-access to the users. It is also important to supervise security system and proper vigilance. While DSL providers will have security systems in place it is best you take steps to protect yourself.
Here are the simple tips of security:
1. The first requirement is to install firewall. Firewall is one of the important guards to protect your blocking the unauthorized access. It protects the computer files and folders and provides security. In DSL your PC is always connected with Internet. Firewall is must to protect from the hackers and hijacker.
2. It is also necessary to install the antivirus software in your system to protect your computer system from the malicious virus, spyware and malware. It protects your PC from various treats. Make sure that your PC is protected from the latest virus threats.
3. Configure your computer properly. If you don’t know how to do this seek the help of a trustworthy family member or friend.
4. You must installed equipments, which encrypt the data and voice packets to protect against hackers. It is better to locking down IP Address and US fire wall to protect from the hackers.
Christy Myers is a writer for DSL Provider Service , the premier website to find DSL, DSL service, verizon dsl, dsl availability, DSL modem, DSL provider service, DSL provider and many more.
Keywords: flash drives, usb flash drives, xbox 360 flash drive, cheap flash drives, usb pen drives, usb memory stick, sd card, memory cards, usb storage, extern
Hardware Article Source: http://www.eArticlesOnline.com
There are many people-using printers roughly without any specific knowledge. Some time computer images with text are printed on the paper without any need.
It is ideal to use the printer smartly by using various tips to save your ink of the cartridge. Using your printer regularly is the best way to keep consistent print quality. Clean your print head if you haven't printed anything for some time. Many times you need to print specific part of the page without any graphic or figures than you must have to delete the figure and graphics in the text file. If you need to print directly through Internet than you must have to select the text option and get the printout.
1. It is essential to see that your printer head is in a proper position while you switch of your printer. Always try your printer's power to shut off your printer. Switch on the power making it vulnerable to drying out.
2. You must have to shake your cartridge before getting the printout. By shaking the printer, it will give best result. If you are have replaced the toner than you need to refill your toner. It is assume the new cartridge has three to four refilling life depends on your use.
3. Microsoft word file you have print preview options. It is essential to print preview before get your document print. By using the print preview method you must get the specific idea and removes some figure or minimize the background available in the format’s border shading option in the word file.
4. You must have to select the draft or economy alternative with the use of cartridge gets reduce.
5. It is advisable to use 300 of less DPI for regular printout. It will also save the cartridge.
You must select the type of the printer in black and white rather than the color. It will save most cartridges.
Christy Myer is a writer for Discount Ink Cartridges , the premier website to find ink cartridges, ink cartridge, cheap ink cartridges, discount ink cartridges, printer ink cartridges, printer ink cartridge and many more.
Keywords: flash drives, usb flash drives, xbox 360 flash drive, cheap flash drives, usb pen drives, usb memory stick, sd card, memory cards, usb storage, extern
Hardware Article Source: http://www.eArticlesOnline.com
The life of a laptop fully depends upon the battery life. It is recommended that everyone condition their laptop battery before using it. All new batteries should go through 8-20 cycles in order to be conditioned. One cycle is a full charge and discharge. It is very important to make sure that you have conditioned the laptop battery. If you do not condition your laptop battery, it will be difficult for you to get the optimum runtime out of your battery life. It should last for a number of hours.
When you buy a new laptop, it normally comes with a fully discharged and completely unconditioned laptop battery. It is suggested that the laptop not be turned on right away, because the battery may not have enough power for it to work. Once you charge the battery, you should let it discharge completely before you charge it again. A normal batter will take 8-10 charge and discharge routines before it reaches its full capacity. At this point, the battery will have a nice long lifetime. You will receive a higher quality performance of your laptop battery if you do this.
If you do not keep your laptop battery conditioned, you may not receive accurate information regarding the charge of your battery. Your computer may display inaccurate information, so make sure that you fully condition the battery for better performance.
In some cases, people believe that their battery needs to be replaced due to the inaccurate display of the amount of battery power remaining. This is because the power seemed to run out more quickly than it should have. Sometimes at the beginning, the display will show that the battery is fully charged even though there is a low charge. In this case take the battery out, and put it back in. Then charge the battery. You should then see an accurate display of a fully charged battery when the battery is actually fully charged.
If you are looking for a recycling program to give your old laptop battery to, you can simply go to an electronic store that offers a nice deal on recycling batteries. It was not always easy to collect electronic items and get them to the appropriate recycling facility. Today, there are various stores that handle the recycling and collection of various computer components and other electronics. They will take these items to the appropriate recycling facility.
Whenever you decide to recycle you laptop battery, please check the with the manufacturer of the battery and find out if they take back the batteries when they need to be recycled.
The life of every laptop is dependent upon the performance of its battery. Laptop batteries will only perform well when they are well maintained and conditioned. Recycling is also better than throwing them away. Consider the importance of these things and handle your laptop batteries well.
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By : Victor Epand
The secret to computer repair is simple: you have to know and understand how your computer system works before you try to repair a problem. Repairing computer is like any other type of repair you must know how each separate part works in order to make the machine run. Once you have that knowledge, many of the problems that can go wrong with computers can be solved by using your compute knowledge in order to isolate and resolve the situation.
If you want to keep your computer from having to be repaired all you have to do is be vigilant about what goes on your computer. Spyware is a big threat to many computers. It tracks your moves and can steal your information. It also reduces the overall operating efficiency of your computer. Make sure you have an anti-spyware program that will find and destroy all the spyware on your system.
Another way to prevent your computer from needing any type of repair is to reduce the number of programs in the startup menu. You do not want to try to repair a slow computer that just has too much stuff on it. Instead, you can find the programs that your never use (ones that are automatically installed by the manufacturer) and getting rid of them. This will make your computer run much faster.
The last secret to keeping your computer running smoothly and not in need of repair is to get an anti virus program and keep it updated. An anti virus program that is never updated is of little use to your computers safety. New viruses are being developed all the time and in order to keep your computer safe and secure you will have to update your anti virus software at least two or three times a week. Make sure that your settings are also correct. This will ensure that your computer is being protected from most of the common viruses.
These are probably the first three areas that a computer repair specialist will check before they begin looking for another type of problem. If you computer is slow or no running as well as it should, the most common problems have to do with the programs that you have on your startup menu, your antivirus software, and your spyware software. If none of these are lacking, and you are still having a problem with your computer, you will need to check other areas of your computer in order to isolate the problem. This is where your knowledge of all the components in your computer will help you out. Most of the time, a problem with you computer is with the software. Something doesn't work right because of a certain setting or lack of space to correct the problem and have the computer function properly. Other problems with your computer can be with the hardware.
If you want to repair the hardware inside of your computer, you will first need to use some basic safety. Do not open up your computer's unit until you have all of the power shut off. That means unplugging it from the wall. Then you can open up the case and look for your problem. There are many components inside the computer, so make sure that you know what you are looking for before you begin working to repair the problems.
Article Source: http://www.articlecache.com -- Article Directory | Free Articles
By : Jordan McPelt
Computer Repair can be a tedious task indeed. One must ask his or her
self "exactly which part of my computer is in need of repair"? Well
this question does not have one simple answer, in fact in many
instances a computer can have multiple problems in need of repair.
Let's start with the most simple questions.
1.Does it turn on? - If the computer does not turn on you must first
check that it is plugged and that the surge protector (if present) is
powered on as well.
2.Does it turn on but produce a strange error message? - If so you may
very well have a software problem. Over time Windows may be prone to
errors. This is not necessarily your fault, but it must be addressed
nonetheless.
Let us take a deeper look into the lack of power issue. A lack of
power can most often be traced back to a faulty power supply. Power
supplies are relatively cheap so don't go rushing to replace your
computer just yet. If you don't feel comfortable replacing your own
power supply, or simply are not convinced that this is the problem,
your only option may be to bring it in to a local computer shop. The
typical cost for a new power supply and installation should be less
than 100 dollars.
Ok, so your computer does turn on but it does not operate properly.
You may receive strange errors, or your computer may just be sluggish.
Either way there is some action required on your part. Lets first
start by removing some junk files and cleaning up the Windows
Registry. This process is the first, and most essential part of any
Computer Repair process.
We recommend Ccleaner for performing both of these tasks. Grab
yourself a copy at ccleaner.com. Once you have the program, close of
all your web browsers and open ccleaner. Ccleaner is simple to use and
can be learned by even the novice computer user. Click on "Clean Now"
and relax while the program removes almost all of the temporary files
on your machine. These files are often the cause for many common
computer problems. Once this process is done, you will see the results
on the screen. It will tell you how much was removed and which files
were removed as well.
Lastly, lets click on the "Repair Errors" button within Ccleaner.
Just click "Scan for errors" and your on your way! When this process
is completed click on "Fix errors" and you are all set. Now let's
restart the machine. Is it running better? If not, you may have a more
serious problem than a simple junk buildup. At this point you an
further investigate the problem or simply contact your local computer
shop and allow them to troubleshoot it for you.
We hope that this article has helped you to understand the simplest
method of troubleshooting your own computer. Computer Repair is indeed
a daunting task, but with the right instruction and a little bit of
confidence you can more than likely fix anything.
Source: http://freearticlepublishing.com/
How to Reset Your Printer? Troubleshooting for resetting your HP, Dell, Lexmark, Brother or Samsung
Ever faced problems with resetting your printer? Well, here we provide you invaluable tips to help you troubleshoot your HP, Dell, Lexmark, Brother or Samsung Printers in easy steps.
Resetting an HP laser printer
There is a technique known as cold resetting. It basically will set all your HP printer settings to the factory default levels. It is important to note that any settings made at the control panel of your printer are going to be reset. Hence, in case you happen to have a JetDirect card then even the IP address will be reset to the factory defaults. You can try to reset NVRAM. To do this, switch off your HP printer and then hold down the ‘Go’ key for around 20 seconds while switching the printer back on again.
- HP 1200 and 1100 models resetting: To do this, simply change the data by going into the service mode. This is applicable if your HP printer has a display panel. Otherwise you need to hold down the ‘Go’ button for around 5 seconds while the printer is switched on.
- HP 2100 printer resetting: You need to press the ‘job cancel’ key after switching off the printer. Then switch the printer on and only then release the key called ‘job cancel.’
- HP 2200 printer resetting: Switch off your printer and then hold down the ‘Go’ key. Switch back the printer on while holding the ‘Go’ button till the light comes on. Then release the button.
- HP 6P and 5P models resetting: Switch off your printer and then press the ‘reset’ button and within 20 seconds switch on the printer back again.
Resetting a Dell printer
You can reset your Dell printer fairly easily by simply double-clicking on the ‘Reset Dell Printer’ icon. You can reach this icon by clicking on the folder ‘UAN’, then clicking on ‘System Utilities’ and you should find the icon. However, one word of caution – this method will function only if the USB cable has been directly connected from the PC to the printer.
Resetting a Lexmark printer
You will firstly need to switch off your printer. Then simultaneously press the RETURN and READY keys while switching the printer on. This will take you to the Diagnostics Mode. The display unit will show the message ‘Performing self test’. Choose ‘Maintenance count’. Reset the count to make it zero. Then select the RETURN key and go back Diagnostics Mode. Then you can reset the printer to go back to the normal mode.
Resetting Brother Printer
You need to keep pressing the DOWN or UP keys a couple of times till you see ‘Maintenance 99’ displayed on the display. Then hold down the ‘Set’ button to go to standby mode. Please note that if you press the exit key only after typing in a single digit then the machine goes to maintenance mode in initial stages.
Resetting Samsung printer
You need to press the following keys in quick succession – MENU # 1 9 3 4. Then you should see a message on your display saying ‘TECH.’ Then again select the MENU key followed by ENTER. The display will now show ‘TECH MODE.’ Then select the ‘<’ key two times. Your operator panel should show ‘NEW CARTRIDGE’. Then select ENTER. Now the panel will show [YES]. Select ENTER key again. You can exit from this mode by pressing MENU # 1 9 3 4 again one after another.
The Complete History Of One Of The Most Popular Computers: The Apple Macintosh
An employee of Apple Mac, Jef Raskin envisaged an economical and easy-to-use computer for a layperson. The personal computers that were launched by Macintosh initially used images instead of text to correspond. Mac gradually became a brand name and it designed and developed personal computers which were being marketed by Apple Inc. In 1984 Apple Mac were the first to come up with a computer that featured a mouse as well as a graphical user interface.
In the 1990’s when Microsoft acquired monopoly over personal computers. Apple consolidated its hold over consumer-level desktop and succeeded in revitalizing its name. The main objective of Apple Mac is to manufacture systems which are meant to be used at home, by educational institutions and by professionals.
Mac hardware is specially produced by Apple; it also chooses the designs, the internal system and also its price. The current Mac is capable of managing different operating systems like its other counterpart. of Microsoft Windows, FreeBSD and Linux, the former is supposed to be Mac’s main competitor.
In the past special events were held to inaugurate Mac desktop, notebook computers like the iMac and electronic devices like Apple TV, iPhone and iPod. Apple today focuses more on advertising strategies during special events and important conferences such as the Apple Expo and Mac World Expo, since such occasions attract huge gathering of spectators and media delegates.
Apple Mac has always has its share of ups and downs and it has struggled to get its foothold especially in the personal computer market. In 1984-85 lack of obtainable software resulting in unsatisfactory sales. It took approximately two and a half months to sell 50,000 units.
Apple computers enjoy a longer life compare to PC’s of the same era because they make arrangements for their own software and newer model favored more than the older ones. Mac has managed to survive in the cut-throat competition of Personal Computers.
Surveys have indicated that the majority of Apple’s customers are more affluent than those using other mainstream Personal Computers. Affluence indicates more artistic, more literate, qualified people and this probably explains why Apple is more visible among certain affluent youth. Steve Jobs reckons that maybe appr.45 pct of Apple’s customers belong to the Republican ideology-this assessment may not be totally correct-many famous Democrats like Rush Limbaugh are using Mac products-but this perception gets strengthened by the Company’s policies of donating money to political parties, by the fact that Al Gore is on its Board, and of course, by Steve Jobs history.
Since the entry of Mac, apple has endeavored to obtain a prominent share of the PC market. Initially, the Mac 128K suffered from a huge amount of software available as compared to IBM’s Persona Computer, which resulted in poor sales in the period 1984-85.
By the year, 1997, more than 20 million people were using the Mac, as compared to approximately 340 million users of Windows. From the second half of the year 2003, figures indicate that Apple Company had approximately two percent of the PC market share in the U.S and this had increased to nearly 3 percent by the end of 2004.By October 2006, IDC and Garner had found that Apple’s market share in the United States of America had gone up to about six percent. By the end of December 2006, Apple’share had gone up to six percent, with at least 30,000 computers being sold in the one year 2005-2006.It is a little difficult to assess correctly the number of Macs currently installed –estimates range from three to sixteen percent.
There are three common ways of assessing market share:
1. By the number of Browser hits 2.By the actual sales of the product. 3. The installed base.
If one uses the browser method, then we can determine that the Apple market share has increased substantially in the year 2007; however, when we consider the market share measured as a percentage of actual sales this differs significantly when we take into account the installed base. Macintosh computers are more long lasting than Personal Computers of the same age, since Macintosh provides their own in house developed software and newer versions which enable modern software to work more efficiently say for e.g., O.S. 8.1 enables for faster copy speeds .
People often debate whether the actual market share of Mac users and of the installed base is really relevant. Experts have often pointed out to the relatively smaller share of Mac users and have said that because of this it is only a matter of time that Mac finally has to close shop, particularly around the year 1995 when things really looked bleak for Apple. Apple has portrayed the Mac has an expensive, technologically more superior Personal Computer and hence it may not be fair to compare this with a cheaper less efficient Personal Computer.
Buying a computer today is becoming a more complicated process where buyers are thrown technical terms like GHz, DDR, FSB, Dual-Channel and Hyper-Threading. Traditionally, the GHz number, or processor speeds, has always been the key factor in any computer purchase. As the GHz number increases, so does the computer performance. Today, the GHz number is no longer the sole criterion for determining system performance.
Dual-Channel Memory
Most modern motherboards now support dual-channel memory, which doubles the RAM’s data throughput. Enabling dual-channel simply means populating the memory slots in matching pairs.
Most dual-channel systems will have four memory DIMM sockets. Two sockets belong to channel A and the other two sockets to channel B. For the best dual-channel memory performance, you must identically “match” memory modules in DIMM sockets 0 of channel A and B. For example, plugging in matching 256MB DIMMs in both DIMM 0 slots and plugging in matching 512MB DIMMs in both DIMM 1 slots.
“Matching” modules means:
1. Both modules are the same capacity (e.g. both are 256MB)
2. Both modules are the same speed (e.g. both are PC2700)
3. Both have the same number of chips and module sides (e.g. both have the same number of chips on the module and both are single-sided.)
Dual-Channel Workflow and Bandwidth
Dual-channel memory utilizes two channels to feed data to the processor, thereby being able to deliver up to twice the data of the single channel. That’s because it is sending or receiving data from two memory module pairs at the same time.
To prevent the channel from being over-filled with data or to reverse the flow of data through the channel, there is a chip called the “Memory Controller” that handles all data transfers. The Memory Controller manages all movement of data between the processor and the memory modules. With dual-channel memory, the memory controller is able to move double the peak amount of data that it could normally move with single-channel memory. The memory industry generally describes memory performance in Peak Bandwidth in seconds.
To describe the maximum data throughput of memory, calculate its Peak Bandwidth. This calculation, expressed in number of Bytes per second (1 Byte = 8 bits where bits, represent either a ‘0’ or a ‘1’), gives a general idea of the performance of the memory. To calculate peak bandwidth use this formula:
Memory Speed x Number of bytes transferred per channel x Number of Channels.
For example PC3200, also known as DDR400, modules on a dual-channel motherboard, calculates as Peak Bandwidth = (400 MHz) x (8 Bytes) x (2 Channels) = 6400MB/s or 6.4GB/s.
Looking at the Processor’s Front-Side Bus
A processor’s link to the memory controller is called the processor’s front-side bus (FSB). The front-side bus determines how fast the processor can obtain data from the memory controller. To increase efficiency, the memory controller needs to send data as fast as the processor can receive it (and store it back into memory modules as fast as the processor can send the data out). Peak efficiency is only reached when the data throughput from the processor’s front-side bus matches the memory modules’ throughput.
Enabling Dual-Channel Memory
The majority of systems supporting dual-channel memory can be configured in either single channel or dual-channel memory mode. Keep in mind that even if a new computer or motherboard supports dual-channel DDR memory, this does not necessarily guarantee that both memory channels are being utilized in dual-channel mode. You cannot just plug multiple memory modules into their sockets to get dual channel memory. Users need to follow specific rules when adding memory modules to ensure that they get dual-channel memory performance. Otherwise, their system may fall back to single-channel memory mode.
Going from single to dual-channel PC3200 memory increases system performance by over 15%. Going from single-channel PC2700 to dual-channel PC3200 increases performance by over 25%. In addition, system performance actually increases by nearly 5% when 1GB of total memory is used instead of 512MB.
Conclusion
Dual-channel DDR memory systems offer a new level in system performance. Combining faster memory speeds with dual-channel memory platforms, creates new price/performance value levels. Dual-channel memory performance is only realized when matched memory modules are added in pairs and installed in the correct socket configurations. Otherwise, a system will revert to the lower-performing, single-channel memory mode. In future years, we can expect to see more dual-channel memory platforms requiring even faster memory than those available today.
Laptop battery is very much essential for the usage of laptop, because without battery it is not possible to use it on the move, as it requires a power outlet. So as a main accessory for the usage of the laptop, the battery must be in a good condition and work properly. Some of the general tips for laptop care are to avoid extreme temperatures, and not to leave the laptop outside in cold weather or in high heat, as cold batteries cannot generate much power and hot batteries will discharge very soon. Charge the battery whenever it is necessary and when the electrical power is available. The battery charge is indicated in the taskbar of the laptop, which shows the current battery capacity and remaining time. When a laptop is used as a replacement of desktop the battery should not be left in for long time. Battery must be re installed every three to four weeks and allowed to fully discharge.
Smaller the battery better are its functionalities. For instance take into consideration an ultra portable or thin and light battery rather than a bigger one.
Power control settings must be adjusted accordingly as the laptop will go inactive after a specified time which is beneficial for the battery.
Adjust the screen brightness to lower setting according to the working conditions or the place of work which will save the power.
Battery consumption must be noticed often, so that the battery power will be in control. In this case the battery charge indicator must be on the task bar .
Charge the battery whenever necessary and when the power source is available. Especially you are on travel; charge the battery fully as electrical outlets may not be available at the destination.
Clean the batteries and their connections often. It must be done by using a cotton swab and alcohol. Don't keep the laptop idle for long period of time without using the battery. Using the laptop to play games or to watch movies or multimedia activities will drain the battery soon. Laptop speaker volume must be kept in mute or decreased to low level. Don't run any program directly from a CD or DVD, instead it can be copied to the hard drive and can be used, which will consume less power.
Before the first use, a new battery must be charged fully. Then the battery has to be charged twice or thrice for achieving maximum capacity. If the battery is not used for more than a month, it is better to be removed from the laptop and stored in a cool or dry or clean place. Again the stored battery has to be recharged before use till it reaches its maximum capacity. Laptop batteries last for longer period if they are stored in a cool place and maintained properly.
Overclocking is the process of making a computer component run at higher clock rates rather than the standard clock rates.It is basically of three types Processor , Graphics Card and RAM .In the following article overclocking of a processor is shown by taking amd 2800+ as the base. Processor overclocking is the most common type of overclocking done by Pc users these days.
It is achieved by manipulating the CPU Multiplier and the FSB(front side bus of the motherboard).Increasing the FSB is your main aim as it allows you to take more juice out of your CPU. While Overclocking several measures have to be taken , foremost being that there should be enough power supply to deal with the increased FSB.
Second consideration that should be kept in mind is about the temperature of the CPU.You dont want your CPU to run at 90C as it will result in burning of your motherboard and nothing else. In order to overclock you should know how the bus speed is calculated. All processor speeds are based upon two distinct factors, bus speed and multiplier. The bus speed is the clock rate at which the CPU communicated with the memory and I/O devices. The bus speed is commonly measured in MHz. The multiplier is the multiple that the processor will run at compared to the bus speed. Lets explain this by taking an e.g. of a P4 machine.
133 MHz x 18 multiplier = 2394MHz or 2.4 GHz
Some more examples are provided below.
CPU Model Multiplier Bus Speed CPU Clock Speed
Athlon XP 2500+ 11x 166 MHz 1.83 GHz
Athlon XP 2800+ 12.5x 166 MHz 2.08 GHz
Athlon XP 3000+ 13x 166 MHz 2.17 GHz
Athlon XP 3200+ 11x 200 MHz 2.20 GHz
For overclocking your processor you should have Everest and Prime95 installed on your pc and Memtest86+ burnt on CD .Your next step is to open
Everest, go to Motherboard then SPD and just below CPUID, look at the Real Clock Value and take it down. Then look at your HyperTransportClock value.
Now you have on SPD which is just below Memory on the left hand menu. Take a look at the Memory Timings part, look at the values that your Ram can operate at and take them down.
Now next step is to restart your pc and enter your BIOS. After entering the BIOS go to that part which allows you to select the FSB of your CPU (different across different motherboards). The most basic way to overclock your CPU is to increase it in short increments.
The value should be increased by multiples of 5.So the first value after increment should be 205. Save and exit the BIOS and then restart the computer. Make sure your pc is set to boot from CD and have Memtest86+ disc in the drive. After restarting the Memtest will start. Make sure that you dont abort in between of any test as the errors are shown in the later tests. I recommend running the whole program just to guarantee absolute stability. After all the tests are complete restart your pc and boot into windows , open Everest in the background and start prime95.In Prime95 choose the Torture Test option and let it run for a few minutes.
If Prime95 was able to run good for a long time and no errors were found, then press escape key and congrats, you have just overclocked your PC.Go back to the bios and increase it a further 5 MHz, to 210. Then run memtest again, if it still passes then boot into windows then use the Stress Test on Prime95 again. Continue this until either Memtest or Prime95 returns an error, and then revert back to the last value that passed both tests.
There are lots of chances that the first test i.e. Memtest fails. This is because your ram has reached its absolute maximum operating frequency. To resolve this problem, we setup a divider in between the CPU and RAM ratio. In order to this restart your pc and go into that part of your Bios that lest you modify the RAM timing.
Once you have found that you need to change it from 200Mhz.Change it to the next lowest value, mine is 166 MHz. Now, because we are going to further increase the FSB, the HyperTransportClock is going to also increase even more. So in order to combat this, we lower it in the BIOS. I'll change mine from 800 MHz to the next lower value which is 600 MHz for me.
Now increase the FSB up to the next value i.e. 205 MHz. If it works, then go back to the Bios and keep trying the values until you get an error in either memtest or Prime95. If once again Memtest returns an error before Prime95, you can just knock the Memclock Index Value down to the next value i.e. 133mhz. Using this technique you will be able to safely determine the maximum speed for your processor to run at, as long as you run Memtest and Prime95 to verify that there are no problems. Once Prime 95 returns an error, it means that is the "max" for your CPU, but there is a way to squeeze a bit more out of it, but that method will produce a bit more heat.
Go into your BIOS and increase your CPU VCore temp. This will produce more heat, but will also give the CPU a bit more room to increase the FSB.
In this article till now we have talked about how to overclock the CPU.However there are lots of factors which decide whether the CPU can be overclocked or not. The first and foremost is a motherboard and chipset that has a BIOS that allows the user to modify the settings. Without this overclocking isn't possible as you won't be able to change the clock rates i.e. FSB.These days the trend is that most of the computers offered by major brands disable this option, as a result overclocking also gets disabled. Due to this people interested in overclocking tend to buy specific parts and build their own systems or from integrators who sell the parts that make it possible to overclock.Despite the chipsets ability to change the clock rates other components such as RAM should be able to handle these changes. So if someone tends to overclock the CPU synchronously with the RAM then the RAM should be able to work at higher clock rates.
Another important consideration which has to be taken regarding overclocking is the voltage. Every computer part works for a specified range of voltages. It is possible that while overclocking voltage goes out of range for a particular part and hence the pc becomes unstable. When overclocking the bus or multiplier speeds, the signals are more likely to get interference. To combat this, one can increase the voltages to the CPU core, memory or AGP bus. There is a particular limit on the amount of additional voltage that can be applied on the CPU.If too high voltage is applied then the circuits inside the CPU can break or melt down easily.
The main problem which arises as a result of overclocking is heat. Today's high-speed computer systems already produce a large amount of heat. Overclocking a computer system just compounds these problems. Hence anyone interested in overclocking should first research on the different cooling options available. Cooling can be of the form of CPU heat sinks and fans, heat spreaders on memory, fans on video cards and case fans. Key to good cooling performance is the clean airflow of hot air-Cooling is of two types air cooling and liquid cooling. Air cooling is the cooling described above. Liquid cooling is far more complex than air cooling. However liquid cooling provides a higher performance and generates less amount of noise. The chances of short circuiting increases when liquid cooling is used as decent amount of liquid flows between the pipes of the cooling equipment which is spread all around the cabinet.
Overclocking is a very tricky process and should be carried out extremely carefully. It is not advised to overclock your CPU straight away to higher clock rates. You should increase your FSB by small amounts. It is best to test the system fully in a taxing application for an extended period of time to ensure the system is stable at that speed. This process is repeated until the system does not test fully stable. The performance boost after overclocking can be substantial but a lot of considerations should be taken before trying out the steps used for overclocking.It is important to know the risks involved, the steps that must be done to obtain the results and a clear understanding that results will very greatly.
As told before Graphics cards can also be overclocked.Overclocking the graphic cards is a much easy option as they are generally done with the help of software's such as NVIDIA's cool bits or Riva tuner. Graphics card generate enormous amount of heat and without any proper cooling overclocking of graphic cards should be avoided. Below overclocking of a graphics card is explained by taking ATI 9800 pro as the base.
In order to overclock ATI cards you must have Riva tuner which can be downloaded from here.
The first step in overclocking your graphics card is to click the button next to customize word which is low level system settings. Now a new screen pops up which shows the Core Clock and Memory Clock speeds.
Now you simply have to change the core clock speed and the memory clock speed little by little and keep testing them. Click on the checkbox at the top that is labeled "Enable low-level hardware overclocking".Also Make sure that the "Apply overclocking at Windows startup" box is TICKED.
So that was in brief about how to overclock a graphics card. Now we will have a look at the advantages and disadvantages of overclocking in general.
Advantages
1) Allows you to make your lower end CPU run at higher clock rates which reduces the need of buying a high end CPU.
2) Performance in games, encoding video applications increases drastically.
3) Benchmarks of your CPU and GFX card increase significantly. It makes sure that full juice is taken out of the CPU and GFX.
Disadvantages
1) The lifespan of the processor decreases. It is said that if you overclock your processor to a great extent then it lives 8-9 months less than its lifespan.
2) Considerable amount of heat is generated and without any proper cooling this can be dangerous. Several cases have been recorded where the Processor or GFX card has burnt out.
3) High performance fans and high quality cooling systems provide great amount of noise. The noise is pretty loud to disturb someone listening to a song at low volume.
4)Overclocking will result in the termination of the warranty of the product. So if anytime any problem arises it will be difficult for you to get the product replaced or repaired.
RAM or Random Access Memory is critical to gaming laptops. Mainly because the more RAM you have on your laptop or computer, the higher the performance level you can achieve. Higher RAM will increase your enjoyment and let you play even the most challenging 3D games.
Besides the CPU (Central Processing Unit) RAM is probably the most vital element you will have in your laptop or computer. Just as you can't have enough money, so too you can't have enough RAM. The more the merrier. The more RAM you have, the faster your computer will perform.
Most serious gamers know their RAM. They know the difference between static and dynamic RAM. Many can even tell you how SIMM, DIMM and SO-DIMM memory modules are different from each other. Plus, they would all know the importance of VRAM or VideoRAM to the operation of their gaming laptop. Most of all, they know their Graphics Cards or GPUs (Graphics Processing Units).
First, you should realize, RAM is probably the best known form or type of computer memory. Second, RAM is very important in how well your computer can perform the tasks you call upon it to do. The more RAM you have, the more computer tasks and programs you can run at one time.
Nor should you make the mistake that only gamers are concerned about getting enough RAM; professionals who work with heavy graphics such as video editors, architects, layout artists, website designers... are also keenly aware of the importance of having enough RAM to get the job done. Keep in mind, computer technology is advancing at a blistering rate and is constantly changing. Overseeing all these industry standards and technology is JEDEC, which acts like a regulating body for the semiconductor industry. Hey, someone has to keep track of all these forms of RAM!
Basically, you have two kinds of RAM - Static RAM (SRAM) which is faster and more expensive than Dynamic RAM (DRAM). Just as their names suggest, Dynamic RAM is constantly refreshing and is slower and less expensive than Static RAM.
Static RAM is primarily used for cache such in your CPU's speed-sensitive cache.
What confuses most people is the whole range or types of Dynamic RAM, with more in development as we speak. Complicating the matter even further, is the development of RAM for laptops which need smaller and more compact memory modules.
Here are some types of RAM you may or may not have seen or heard of:
FPM DRAM -- which stands for "Fast Page Mode Dynamic Random Access Memory" and was the original form of DRAM. It has a maximum transfer rate of approximately 176 MBps to L2 cache; and if you're wondering what is level 2 cache, this is cache located outside the processor chip. Level 1 refers to internal cache in the processor.
EDO DRAM -- which stands for "Extended Data-out Dynamic Random Access Memory" and is around 5% faster than FPM DRAM. Transfer rate is at about 264 MBps to L2 cache.
SDRAM -- which stands for "Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory" is very common in today's computers. Transfer rate maxes out at around 528 MBps.
DDR SDRAM -- which stands for "Double Data Rate Synchronous Dynamic RAM" is similar to SDRAM but has higher bandwidth, allowing for greater speeds. Transfer rate to L2 cache is around 1,064 MBps.
DDR2 SDRAM -- which stands for "Double-data-rate Two Synchronous Dynamic RAM", operates the external data bus twice as fast as DDR SDRAM.
DDR3 SDRAM -- which stands for "Double-data-rate Three Synchronous Dynamic RAM" and is an improvement over DDR2 SDRAM. DDR3 allows for chip capacities of 512 megabits up to 8 gigabytes, which gives you the maximum memory module size of a whopping 16 gigabytes.
Memory Modules
RAM modules are mounted on printed circuit boards to be used in personal computers. First, you had SIMMs (single in-line memory modules) which were gradually replaced by DIMMs (dual in-line memory modules). The main difference between them: SIMMs have a 32-bit data path and DIMMs have a 64-bit data path. Now for notebooks, you have SO-DIMMs (small outline dual in-line memory modules) which are smaller and more compact memory integrated circuits.
Of course, like everything in life, there are radically different forms of RAM such as RDRAM which stands for "Rambus Dynamic Random Access Memory". This was designed by Rambus and has a high speed data bus nicknamed the Rambus channel. Likewise, you had Rambus in-line memory module (RIMM) and for laptops you had SO-RIMM.
Graphics Card
Next you must know there is something called VRAM or VideoRAM. This is a type of RAM is used for video adapters or 3-D accelerators. VRAM is located in the Graphics Card and is important for high resolution and color depth, both very essential for gamers. Since true multiport VRAM is expensive, some Graphics Cards use SGRAM (synchronous graphics RAM) instead because it is cheaper. Other types of special high speed or multi-port memory include WRAM, DDR2, GDDR3 and GDDR4.
Your Graphics Card will be the heart of your gaming machine. Most gamers go for the top brands such as NVIDIA (GeForce) and ATI (Radeon) - the higher number series card usually means higher the performance. For example, at the time of writing, Nvidia has released the GeForce 9800 GX2, which is basically dual GeForce 8800 GT in one card. This will also give you DirectX 10 Graphics. Wait a couple of months and there will probably be something faster and more powerful on the market.
If one Graphics Card is good, then two or more would be even better. That's why you have SLI (Scalable Link Interface) technology which allows for the linking of two or more video cards together to get a single output. PCI Express, is another expansion card interface format which was introduced by Intel in 2004.
How Much RAM Do You Need?
As already mentioned, the more RAM you have, the better your computer will run. You will be able to perform more tasks and do them faster if you have plenty of RAM. Actually, upgrading your RAM to a higher level will usually give you a whole new computer.
There are recommended minimum requirements if you want to run certain programs or operating systems on your PC or Laptop. For running Windows XP, Microsoft recommends 128MB as the minimum RAM requirement, again more is better.
For Mac OS X systems you will need a minimum of 128 MB but for optimal performance try 512 MB. Linux will work nicely on a system with only 4 MB of RAM.
For Windows Vista - Microsoft recommends at least 1Gig of RAM but many users have reported that 2 to 3 Gigs of RAM makes Vista a much more easier beast to handle. Vista probably needs all the good press if can get.
For Gaming Laptops: How Much RAM?
Again the more the better, gaming laptops need a lot of RAM since you have heavy video graphics and images. Serious gamers usually buy as much RAM as they can afford, choosing the fastest machines with the latest Graphics Card. Laptops with four Gigs of RAM are becoming common, with many gamers opting for 8 Gigs.
At the time of writing, what levels are we currently at in regards to laptops and RAM? Well, the new Alienware Area-51® m17x Notebook comes with the following specs: An Intel® Core™ 2 Extreme processor with up to 4GB DDR2 667MHz memory, sporting Dual Nvidia® GeForce® 8800M GTX. This machine also has the Killer™ K1 Gaming Network Card plus the ultra-life-like environments generated by the Ageia PhysX™ processor. You should also note that Ageia was recently (Feb. 2008) acquired by Nvidia.
Perhaps, in regards to RAM, the wisest route to take is to buy a laptop or PC where you can easily upgrade or expand the RAM if you need more memory. Changes are, wait a few months and you will probably need to increase your RAM.
Copyright (c) 2008 Titus Hoskins
